Cormorants become sexually mature at around two to three years old. Name: Cormorant is a catch-all name for numerous sub-species (Phalacrocorax) listed below: Wingspan: 45 100 cm (18 39 inches), depending on species, Weight: .35 to 5 kg (0.7 11 pounds), depending on species. When the bird captures and tries to swallow a large fish, the fish is caught in the bird's throat. This maturity seems to partially depend on food availability: More food available in the area leads to younger breeding ages. Cormorants nest either in trees, cliffs, or on the ground. . Cormorants are an aquatic species that is almost always associated with oceans, though they sometimes range into freshwater habitats. Some authorities such as the Clements Checklist have just two genera, Microcarbo with 5 species, and the rest in Phalacrocorax. Sign up for our newsletter to keep reading. However, in ", "Spread-wing postures in Pelecaniformes and Ciconiiformes", "Wing-spreading behavior of the cormorant, "Absence of Wing-spreading Behavior in the Antarctic Blue-eyed Shag (, "Storks, frigatebirds, boobies, darters, cormorants", "On the xiphoid bone and its muscles in the Corvorant (Pelecanus carbo)", "1. However, some species are pelagic, which means they live over the open ocean. A Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous, c. 66 mya) right femur, AMNH FR 25272 from the Lance Formation near Lance Creek, Wyoming, is sometimes suggested to be the second-oldest record of the Phalacrocoracidae; this was from a rather smaller bird, about the size of a long-tailed cormorant. olivaceous cormorant), Pelagic cormorant (a.k.a. Consider how mutations in . Though this is not common practice today, the fishermen and birds would work together to catch large fish. There is at least one reader who will understand. [37], In a common technique, a snare is tied near the base of the bird's throat, which allows the bird only to swallow small fish. The bill is long, thin, and sharply hooked. cormorants can affect the persistence of plant communities and other wildlife The double-crested cormorant has its two crests of fluffy white over time due to a combination of defoliation and guano. [19][20], The cormorants and the darters have a unique bone on the back of the top of the skull known as the os nuchale or occipital style which was called a xiphoid process in early literature. As can be imagined, cormorants base their diet on fish, although they can sometimes be seen eating other animals such as mollusks, crustaceans, worms, and cephalopods. It is regularly seen roosting near the water on trees, snags, beaches and rocky cliffs with its wings hanging open to dry in the sun. During the hunt, the fish dont only locate their prey from above, but after they dive they also actively pursue it into the water. Most have dark colored feathers and a long, thin, hooked bill. Cormorants are expert divers. (less than 25 feet) within a few miles of the shore and the breeding colony. habitats used during the breeding season. A detailed study of the great cormorant concludes that it is without doubt[14] to dry the plumage.[15][16]. Coast. They hunt in a variety of aquatic environments, from coastal shores, to swamps and more. The white lower half of the chin and face changes to an orang . sand spits and barrier beaches. Location: Southern hemisphere from New Zealand and southern end of South America down through the Antarctic. nesting sites, or alter nesting habitat. In terms of coloration, cormorants usually exhibit only two different patterns: a dark color (black or brown) with a metallic sheen all over the body (monochromatic), or a dark upper part with a white lower plumage (bicolor). water-bird species such as gulls, terns, egrets, herons, and black-crowned . Contrary to other semi-aquatic birds, the cormorant doesnt have waterproof plumage that repels water. On average, cormorants lay three to five eggs. It is specific as it is the only cormorant that has lost the tendency to fly. The plugged nostrils in the adult are an When submerged, these birds swim downwards with the help of their feet and strong legs and navigate with their tails. They need suitable nesting sites with feeding areas nearby. Cormorants are pellet-makers, creating pellets out of the bones and scales of the fish they eat, then spitting them out, just like some owls. HDS21-23 This opens up the possibility of cormorants and other aquatic birds having special adaptations for underwater hearing and making use of underwater acoustic cues from, e.g . [citation needed], The cormorant served as the hood ornament for the Packard automobile brand.[39]. The only species of cormorant that has lost the ability to fly, the flightless cormorant has successfully adapted to survive on the rocky shores of the Galapagos. Flexible foraging techniques in breeding Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo and Shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis: benthic or pelagic feeding?. They range in size from the pygmy cormorant (Microcarbo pygmaeus), at as little as 45cm (18in) and 340g (12oz), to the flightless cormorant (Nannopterum harrisi), at a maximum size 100cm (39in) and 5kg (11lb). To further aid in capturing slippery fish, cormorants have long beaks that have a sharp hook at the end. Although its capable of diving like other aquatic birds, these peculiar species have a unique characteristic that allows them to move better in the water. cormorant arrived in 1992, presumably due to a combination of nest site have their lone crest in the middle of their crown and it is there Immature birds resemble the adults except there is no white above the eye. [citation needed], In the Sherlock Holmes story "The Adventure of the Veiled Lodger", Dr. Watson warns that if there are further attempts to get at and destroy his private notes regarding his time with Holmes, "the whole story concerning the politician, the lighthouse, and the trained cormorant will be given to the public. Humans have used cormorants' fishing skills in various places in the world. After feeding, cormorants characteristically dry their feathers by perching with their wings outstretched. Threats: They have few predators. These birds mostly prefer diving in waters that are 30 feet deep whereas, they can also dive deeper; up to 100 feet to reach the bottom of the waters. A multigene molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014 provided a genus-level phylogeny of the family. No, cormorants do not make good pets. Great Cormorant. Numbers have risen remarkably in the Great Lakes, where fishermen claim they compete for game fish, and where their roosting colonies create enough guano to kill island trees. Large, dark cormorant. The Little Pied Cormorant is entirely black above and white below. In the case of any doubt, it's best to consult a trusted specialist. place in the scheme of things. https://www.mail-archive.com/search?q=cormorant&l=pdml%40pdml.net, Cramp S, Simmons KEL (1977) Handbook of the Birds of the Western Palearctic Volume 1, Oxford University Press, See Siegel-Causey (1988), Orta (1992) and Kennedy, Last edited on 20 December 2022, at 13:40, https://www.mail-archive.com/search?q=cormorant&l=pdml%40pdml.net, "High flight costs and low dive costs support the biomechanical hypothesis for flightlessness in penguins", "www.nwdiveclub.com/download/file.php?id=22712&mode=view", "Birds diving beyond 50ft down and going horizontally there?! head to reveal one crest at a 45 degree angle to the right of the Double-crested Cormorants may usurp attended or unoccupied nests of Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias) and Great Egrets (A. alba). the spotted shag of New Zealand) are quite colourful. ", A cormorant is humorously mentioned as having had linseed oil rubbed into it by a wayward pupil during the "Growth and Learning" segment of the 1983 Monty Python movie Monty Python's The Meaning of Life. Like The cormorant can focus on a fish that is only 3 inches in front of its eyes, because the lens in its eye can change shape far more than. A: A clutch of cormorant eggs will have hatched about 30 days after the first egg was laid. The Cormorant has adapted in many ways. Depending on the species, the incubation period can be anything from 15 to 30 days. The term cormorant refers not only to one particular species, but to several that are grouped in the family Phalacrocoracidae. between all four toes, making the feet powerful paddles for chasing Read on to learn about the cormorant. Cormorants may nest In some cases, cormorant colonies have significantly The result is an unusual bird with powerful hind legs but tiny wings. Some species of cormorant can reach speeds of up to 55 kph (35 mph). In flight, the birds avoid crossing land, remaining low over the water along shorelines. Donate. It is also found in mangroves and on large inland wetlands . . In some areas, these birds are also known as shags. The different species come in a variety of shapes and sizes, which can range in size from less than a pound to over ten pounds! Combined with good underwater vision and a strong beak, the cormorant is a great fish predator. Cormorants are a striking species of bird found in only a few locations across the states in Red Dead Redemption 2. Of course, being on a fish diet one would expect there would be Some other Paleogene remains are sometimes assigned to the Phalacrocoracidae, but these birds seem quite intermediate between cormorants and darters (and lack clear autapomorphies of either). at specific sites. Thus, they may be quite basal members of the Palacrocoracoidea. of commercial and sport fish species. adaptation for swimming underwater. Once they are flying, they quickly gain independence.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'animals_net-leader-1','ezslot_11',120,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-animals_net-leader-1-0'); if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,600],'animals_net-box-1','ezslot_10',112,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-animals_net-box-1-0');report this ad. As water temperatures continue to drop during the winter, forage fish begin to school up, both to conserve energy and also for better predator evasion, that is until the Cormorants arrive. This only confirms that people have long recognized the value and skills of the cormorant. However, theres greater diversity in tropical and temperate climates. The flightless cormorant's strange adaptations came from its isolation on the Galapagos Islands (beaches of Isabella and Fernandina) and the flightless cormo. The eggs are a chalky-blue colour. The Double-crested (which rarely looks noticeably crested in the field) is the most generally distributed cormorant in North America, and the only one likely to be seen inland in most areas. It is the heaviest of the cormorant species and can live for up . Nesting trees and structures are usually located in or near the water It uses its powerful hind legs to propel itself through the water, hunting for its favourite foods of octopus and eels. They have mostly black or dark colored feathers, but some birds are black and white. "Shag" refers to the bird's crest, which the British forms of the great cormorant lack. show a side view which show only one crest. . Cormorants nest in colonies around the shore, on trees, islets or cliffs. cormorants of the Atlantic coast and interior populations are seasonal They are excellent divers, and under water they propel themselves with their feet with help from their wings; some cormorant species have been found to dive as deep as 45 metres (150 ft). Great cormorants are carnivores (piscivores); they mainly eat numerous kinds of fish, and when fishing in freshwater, will also eat crustaceans, amphibians, and insects. They grasp their prey in their bills and sometimes swallow platform nest composed of twigs, branches, and other plant materials. They have special adaptations for catching fish, with long, slightly hooked beaks to help them grip their prey. Habitat. Life History However, this gland is not sufficient on its own, so cormorants are often seen spreading their wings to dry them. Colour is one other widespread adaptation. The face is dusky and, in adult birds, the white of the underside extends to above the eye. The Great Cormorant is a seabird that is large in size. Some species are more widespread, while others have very small ranges. The Galapagos cormorant is also called the flightless cormorant is a cormorant exclusively found in the Galapagos Island. Cormorant lacks crest, instead having a sloping forehead which gives it a wedge shaped profile. Length: 32 in. pursuit of fish. It takes approximately a month and a half or two months for the chicks to learn how to fly. night herons, as well as some waterfowl. They leave the northeast in September, migrating south along The non-breeding adult is browner with a yellowish gular . Its toes are what is called totipalmate, meaning fully webbed Seven cool cormorant facts Cormorants have relatively short wings due to their need to swim. MicrocarboPoikilocarboUrilePhalacrocoraxGulosusNannopterumLeucocarbo, Australocorax Lambrecht, 1931Compsohalieus B. 1998: Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo occupancy and impact at stillwater game fisheries in England and Wales: Bird Study: England: Lake Because of this, they expend more energy in flight than any other flying bird. Iceland. Colony size may vary from 2 to 2500 pairs. Brewer & Ridgway, 1884Cormoranus Baillon, 1834Dilophalieus Coues, 1903Ecmeles Gistel, 1848Euleucocarbo Voisin, 1973Halietor Heine, 1860Hydrocorax Vieillot, 1819 (non Brisson, 1760: preoccupied)Hypoleucus Reichenbach, 1852Miocorax Lambrecht, 1933Nesocarbo Voisin, 1973Notocarbo Siegel-Causey, 1988Pallasicarbo Coues, 1903Paracorax Lambrecht, 1933Pliocarbo Tugarinov, 1940Stictocarbo Bonaparte, 1855Viguacarbo Coues, 1903Anatocarbo Nanocorax (see text), Cormorants and shags are medium-to-large birds, with body weight in the range of 0.355 kilograms (0.7711.02lb) and wing span of 60100 centimetres (2439in). In fact, the earliest known modern bird, Gansus yumenensis, had essentially the same structure. A cormorant is a species of aquatic bird, also known as shags, which include about 40 species of birds in the Phalacrocoracidae family. Animals.NET aim to promote interest in nature and animals among children, as well as raise their awareness in conservation and environmental protection. To meet obligations under the MBTA, all Service actions must be compatible with the conservation of migratory species. evergreen or deciduous trees for nesting, though the trees often die within 3 Alternate functions suggested for the spread-wing posture include that it aids thermoregulation[13] or digestion, balances the bird, or indicates presence of fish. The Cormorant's Environment - Adaptations to Survive The Cormorant's Environment Describe the environment of the Cormorant. Typically, males perform courtship acts consisting of displaying their wings and plumage in an attempt to entice the female to agree to be their mate. They dive from the surface, though many species make a characteristic half-jump as they dive, presumably to give themselves a more streamlined entry into the water. (Figure 6), primarily bottom-dwelling or schooling forage fish. Habitat loss and degradation and over-fishing have resulted in a steady decline of the population of about 30% from an estimated figure of 3 million birds in 1984. Shags are birds of the coast. Reducing fish availability to cormorants - habitat modification techniques. So the cormorant adapted to catch food by diving. Visit some of the most beautiful arrays of wildlife on Earth. Cormorants are monogamous birds with interesting courtship behaviours that vary among species. submerged longer yet still keep warm. Select from the 0 categories from which you would like to receive articles. Cormorant reproduction usually takes place once a year shortly before spring. The symbolic liver bird of Liverpool is commonly thought to be a cross between an eagle and a cormorant. Our Impact; Discover Birds . During the breeding season, double-crested cormorants This means that this feature is actually an adaptation that enhances their ability to dive. long-tailed cormorant). Im like ordinary birders, who are content to stay far enough Cormorants can be found either on the coast or at inland waters, where there are some large breeding colonies. They roost on Cormorants dive for and feed mainly on fish of little value to man. Double-crested cormorant populations, greatly affected by habitat loss caused in part by the drought of the 1930s and by pesticides, have increased significantly in recent years, and their populations are now . Single pairs may nest alone. Lack, D. (1945). Alternatively, the genus may be disassembled altogether and in the most extreme case be reduced to the great, white-breasted and Japanese cormorants. Archaeological evidence suggests that cormorant fishing was practised in Ancient Egypt, Peru, Korea and India, but the strongest tradition has remained in China and Japan, where it reached commercial-scale level in some areas. Phalacrocorax auritus. Females lay their eggs in a staggered period, often days apart. author of three books on birding.). Flightless Cormorant Diet The prefered cormorant diet consist of eel and octopus. pungitius). Words cannot convey the impression of the stinky, filthy nest of Indeed, "sea raven" or analogous terms were the usual terms for cormorants in Germanic languages until after the Middle Ages. If the female accepts, both begin to build the nest with different materials found in their habitat. In these instances, as well as in some open water situations, Bismarck-Mandan Bird Club, Feds OK new name for western North Dakota community with Native slur in name, Bismarck woman dies in Highway 1806 crash, Borrowed Bucks Roadhouse in Bismarck closes after nearly 30 years; bar was last of 4 in Dakotas, Bismarck police lieutenant suspended after DUI refusal conviction, Pizza Hut is bringing back a fan favorite from the '90s, Bismarck woman sentenced in shoplifting incident involving gun, Former State Crime Lab director calls firing a 'witch hunt'; Wrigley cites performance issues, Authorities ID Dickinson woman killed in crash, Former Bismarck mayor targets property taxes, utility bills; Schmitz says proposal would damage city, Mandan has new business leader and spokeswoman, No. also may use artificial sites such as bridges, wrecks, abandoned docks, or Voice Deep guteral call when at the colony. Great cormorants belong to Order Pelecaniformes, as do a number of other primarily aquatic birds (anhingas, pelicans, boobies, and frigate birds). Like many other aquatic species, these birds have long, curved necks that they use to reach below the surface to snag fish as they attempt to escape. The original ancestor of cormorants seems to have been a fresh-water bird. Cormorants are often seen perched on rocks or trees near bodies of water, with their wings spread out to dry. The male Brandt's Cormorant chooses the nest site and attracts the female to it. On the contrary, repeated studies have shown that . This Falkland Islands, South Georgia, and Antarctic Peninsula cruise is an animal-lovers dream come true. (1979): Family Phalacrocoracidae. Occasional, mostly in fall and winter, on Gulf Coast. However, due to their wide distribution and diversity, the timing is likely to vary from species to species. To do this they rely on ecological adaptive patterns (minimizationof time spent swimming in cold water and increased prey capture rates) far more than physiological adaptations (minimizinginstantaneous costs). This means that this feature is actually an adaptation that enhances their ability to dive. This species gets its name from the tufted feathers on both sides of the head, referred to as "crests," that are present only during nesting season. All cormorants have preen gland secretions that are used ostensibly to keep the feathers waterproof. in trees or on the ground, on steep cliffs, or rocky or sandy islands. feathers, visible only during breeding time, and field guides all Get up-to-the-minute news sent straight to your device. "Cormorant" is a contraction derived either directly from Latin corvus marinus, "sea raven" or through Brythonic Celtic. ", "Selfies of Imperial Cormorants (Phalacrocorax atriceps): What Is Happening Underwater? They are quite content with a diet of fish, supplemented by the occasional crustacean or squid. The time of incubation continues for months, this process involved both parents alternately. pelicans all have the same filthy stinky nests. The adaptations also may provide better protection of the eardrums from the water pressure," says Jakob Christensen . Hatchlings have patent nostrils, but they close up for good as the Notwithstanding, all evidence agrees that the cormorants and shags are closer to the darters and Sulidae (gannets and boobies), and perhaps the pelicans or even penguins, than to all other living birds. gizzard shad (Dorosoma red-footed shag), Reed cormorant (a.k.a. You can cancel at any time. My Animals A blog on tips, care and everything related to the world of animals. 2012 2023 . Researchers have found up to 2-inch balls of indigestible fish young cormorant matures. These results are presumably related to the great diving capability of Kerguelen shags through their morphological adaptations for diving, including large body mass, small flight muscles and short wings. Cormorants tend to be attracted to nesting sites of other At times, they may throw nesting material. While the Leucocarbonines are almost certainly of southern Pacific originpossibly even the Antarctic which, at the time when cormorants evolved, was not yet ice-coveredall that can be said about the Phalacrocoracines is that they are most diverse in the regions bordering the Indian Ocean, but generally occur over a large area. For details, see the article "List of cormorant species". handle (e.g., eels or spiny fish), at the surface. They have special adaptations for catching fish, with long, slightly hooked beaks to help them grip their prey. Their guano is acidic and can change soil chemistry, killing ground Another adaptation is having comparatively short muscular wings, They These birds are often unpopular with fishermen because they are so efficient at catching and eating large numbers of fish. are home to rare Carolinian woodlands with stands of Kentucky coffeetree (Gymnocladus dioicus). Fledglings appear clumsy, naked and blind, eyes open only a few days later. Hatching occurs about one month after eggs are laid. Typical length 70 to 90cm, body mass 1.2 to 2.5 kg. On land, snakes, owls and hawks are potential predators, along with introduced mammals such as cats and rats. Journal of Forest Research, 1(1), 31-35. carbo). They have relatively short wings due to their need for economical movement underwater, and consequently have the highest flight costs of any flying bird.[2]. The proposed division into Phalacrocorax sensu stricto (or subfamily "Phalacrocoracinae") cormorants and Leucocarbo sensu lato (or "Leucocarboninae") shags[25] does have some degree of merit. The Pied Cormorant is found in marine habitats (almost exclusively so in Western Australia), including estuaries, harbours and bays. The Great Cormorant is an excellent swimmer and . Conservation status: Least Concern. abundance, behavior, habitat), the composition of a cormorants diet can vary Of course, the cormorant doesnt rest in the water, but comes out onto land and rests on trees or rocks to dry itself. fish underwater. The Cormorant is a large, black, fish-eating bird with a long, hook-tipped bill. The outer layer has a microscopic structure to its feathers that The majority, including nearly all Northern Hemisphere species, have mainly dark plumage, but some Southern Hemisphere species are black and white, and a few (e.g. Location: Coastal worldwide (except central Pacific islands). Orta, Jaume (1992): Family Phalacrocoracidae. [30], Phylogenetic evidence indicates that the cormorants diverged from their closest relatives, the darters, during the Late Oligocene, indicating that most of the claims of Cretaceous or early Paleogene cormorant occurrences are likely misidentifications.[29]. Featherstones shag), Red-legged cormorant (a.k.a. The young ones dont void fecal sacs, and dont attempt to Cormorants (and books about them written by a fictional ornithologist) are a recurring fascination of the protagonist in Jesse Ball's 2018 novel Census. It was estimated that by minimum 15.4% of tagged adult sea trout were predated by cormorants. Their feet have webbing between all four toes, as in their relatives. resistance, so geese take turns leading as they fly. (2005). Nests can be on rocky cliff faces, in trees, or on the ground. Thus, the winter elevation of foraging efficiency described for cormorants by various researchers is due to capturing larger fish not due to capturing more fish. [35] In Europe, a similar practice was also used on Doiran Lake in the region of Macedonia. They are coastal rather than oceanic birds, and some have colonised inland waters. The recently extinct spectacled cormorant (Urile perspicillatus) was rather larger, at an average size of 6.3kg (14lb). low in the water. This journey will introduce you to at least 6 species of penguin and a whole lot of Antarctic fur seals! Cormorants and Shags (Order: Suliformes, Family: Phalacrocoracidae) Brandt's Cormorant Red-faced Cormorant Pelagic Cormorant Great Cormorant Double-crested Cormorant Neotropic Cormorant Browse Species in This Family More to Read Living Bird Magazine When Dams and Dredging Alter an Ecosystem, Blame It on Cormorants Students Once used as living fish hooks, these so-called "sea ravens" share many characteristics of (and are often confused with) various birds of the shag species, Region: The ecology of closely related species with special reference to cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) and shag (P. aristotelis). They can be seen on both coastal and inland waters. Because of this, they expend more energy in flight than any other flying bird. [34] In Japan, cormorant fishing is called ukai (). The item Adaptations for locomotion and feeding in the anhinga and the double-crested cormorant, by Oscar T. Owre represents a specific, individual, material embodiment of a distinct intellectual or artistic creation found in University of Missouri Libraries. Most other species that dont produce fecal sacs do void over They range around the world, except for the central Pacific islands. vegetation and irreversibly damaging nest trees. Cormorants live up to about 25 years in the wild. For example, cormorant guano deposited 10 cruises, The cruises on oceanwide-expeditions.com have received an average, Zodiac Cruising around the South Orkney Islands, Falkland Islands - South Georgia - Antarctica, Australian pied cormorant (a.k.a. van Tets, G. F. (1976): Australasia and the origin of shags and cormorants, Phalacrocoracidae. Other birds, such as the cardinal, the waxwing or the blue jay, The method is not as common today, since more efficient methods of catching fish have been developed, but is still practised as a cultural tradition. Cormorants are monogamous and breed in colonies ranging from several pairs to a few 1,000 pairs. Sometimes the same species is called a cormorant in one part of the world and a shag in another, e.g., the great cormorant is called the black shag in New Zealand (the birds found in Australasia have a crest that is absent in European members of the species). Grmillet, D., Argentin, G., Schulte, B., & Culik, B. M. (1998). Cormorant balanced on a tree limb Grey and white Cormorant All species are fish-eaters, catching the prey by diving from the surface. habitats including marine islands and coastal bays, in addition to those Our study shows that in a cold foraging environment, poorly insulated greatcormorants significantly increase their foraging efficiency. My long-time puzzlement as to why a cormorant is called The names 'cormorant' and 'shag' were originally the common names of the two species of the family found in Great Britain, Phalacrocorax carbo (now referred to by ornithologists as the great cormorant) and Gulosus aristotelis (the European shag). In Homer's epic poem The Odyssey, Odysseus (Ulysses) is saved by a compassionate sea nymph who takes the form of a cormorant. Bairds cormorant), Pitt cormorant (a.k.a. The species she described may have been the pelagic cormorant, which is the only species in the temperate U.S. with the "slim head vermilion-strapped" and "big black feet" that she mentions. Several evolutionary groups are still recognizable. than a human's lens can. The contents of My Animals are written for informational purposes. concentrations of fish such as stocking release sites, aquaculture ponds, dams, The Little Pied Cormorant mixes readily with the equally sized Little Black Cormorant, P. sulcirostris. In the Upper Midwest cormorants prefer to nest in dead flooded Cormorants more often fly as a loose flock, since, being a more According to the Canadian Wildlife Service, "studies have repeatedly shown that in a natural environment, cormorants feed primarily on small, largely non-commercial, shallow-water fish." Less than two percent of their diet consists of 'sport fish' such as lake trout or salmon.
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