The imposture of Lambert Simnel as the imprisoned nephew of Edward IV, Edward, earl of Warwick, however exotic, was much more menacing, because it occured within two years of Bosworth. (33)Puebla reported that Arthur had "many excellent qualities". (6) Negotiations took place and in December 1483, Henry took an oath in Rennes Cathedral to marry Elizabeth of York were he to be successful in making himself king of England. She never recovered and died nine days later on 11th February, her thirty-seventh birthday, of puerperal fever. He sailed to Ireland with over 1,500 German mercenaries. (54) Christopher Morris, the author of The Tudors (1955) has suggested that Dudley was the king's most "unpopular and unscrupulous minister". They would also constitute a compelling case for making a man director of a great industrial concern. Lambert Simnel (c. 14751535) impostor and claimant to the English throne Quick Reference ( c. 1475- c. 1535). The right of Succession (of any child born to Catherine and Henry) depends on the undoubted legitimacy of the treaty." However, the marriage was not guaranteed. Henry could not complain as Arthur, now aged fifteen, was very small and undeveloped and was "half a head shorter" than Catherine. Henry had been receiving information about events in Ireland, although it was vague and conflicting. A daughter, particularly, might undergo half a dozen betrothals in the interests of shifting policies before her destiny eventually caught up with her." , View all related items in Oxford Reference , Search for: 'Lambert Simnel' in Oxford Reference . Instead, Lord Stanley went to the north of the battlefield and Sir William to the south. England was full of powerful nobles, kingmakers and feudal lords who looked to influence the throne wherever possible. Henry collected a large force, and the armies met on 16th June at Stoke, near Newark-on-Trent, where an engagement was fought. Simnel was routed at the battle of Stoke: his promoters were slain or imprisoned, and the young imposter was taken into the royal household as a servant. (10). Most actions or grants of grace resulted in fines to the king, in amounts and by methods which led Polydore Vergil and others to characterize both Empson and Dudley as extortioners." (52)Henry VII, by unknown artist (1505)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-mobile-leaderboard-2','ezslot_21',704,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-mobile-leaderboard-2-0');Henry VII was careful in the selection of his key officials. Read the essential details about Tudor England including biographies, primary sources, events, issues and organizations in Tudor times. (53) Jasper Ridley has pointed out that Empson and Dudley were the chief instruments of the king's financial policy: "They seem to have been almost universally hated throughout England. The proposed treaty included the agreement that Henry's eldest son, Arthur, should marry Catherine of Aragon in return for an undertaking by Henry to declare war on France. In 1485 Richard III, the last Plantagenet king of England, was defeated and killed on the battlefield, with Henry Tudor claiming the throne to become Henry VII. That night, when Arthur lifted Catherine's veil he discovered a girl with "a fair complexion, rich reddish-gold hair that fell below hip-level, and blue-eyes". (57)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-portrait-1','ezslot_26',706,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-portrait-1-0');Catherine of AragonHenry VII was keen to maintain his alliance with Ferdinand of Aragon and recently widowed, offered to marry Catherine of Aragon himself. Was Henry VIII's son, Henry FitzRoy, murdered? As he was 46 years-old and in poor health, this idea was rejected and on 23rd June 1503, he signed a new treaty betrothing Catherine to Henry, his only surviving son, then aged twelve. Many Irish lords and their followers fell at Stoke. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single entry from a reference work in OR for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice). Arthur was just fifteen, and Catherine nearly sixteen. Other resolutions: 203 240 pixels| 600 710 pixels. He was taken up by Richard Simon, a priest, and supported by the Yorkists. (26) However, on 20th November 1495 he went to see King James IV of Scotland in Stirling Castle. His origins are obscure, even in official accounts; his mother is unknown and he may have been illegitimate. Charles VIII of France welcomed him, and although Henry was quick to block French involvement through the Treaty of Etaples, the support of the French king sent a powerful signal. Lord Kildare collected an army of Irish soldiers under the command of his younger brother, Thomas FitzGerald of Laccagh. He was prepared to spend huge sums to impress the world. The Spanish ambassador, Roderigo de Puebla, standing proxy for the bride. History He then proceeded to fine all those involved in the rebellion. Elizabeth of York was placed in the London household of his mother, Margaret Beaufort. Covers 1900-1999. Henry would have been concerned by her size. As a result, several people in England were arrested and executed. (38), Catherine left the port of Corunna on 20th July 1501. A lack of English support led Simnel's army to change their plans, deciding their only chance of success was one swift and decisive battle. Source: Tony Marturano / Adobe Stock. Did Anne Boleyn have six fingers on her right hand? Richard had been informed that Lord Stanley had already promised to help Henry Tudor. (50) Henry took her death very badly and "departed to a solitary place and would no man should resort unto him." (Answer Commentary), Catherine Parr and Women's Rights (Answer Commentary), Women, Politics and Henry VIII (Answer Commentary), Historians and Novelists on Thomas Cromwell (Answer Commentary), Martin Luther and Thomas Mntzer (Answer Commentary), Martin Luther and Hitler's Anti-Semitism (Answer Commentary), Martin Luther and the Reformation (Answer Commentary), Mary Tudor and Heretics (Answer Commentary), Joan Bocher - Anabaptist (Answer Commentary), Anne Askew Burnt at the Stake (Answer Commentary), Elizabeth Barton and Henry VIII (Answer Commentary), Execution of Margaret Cheyney (Answer Commentary), Dissolution of the Monasteries (Answer Commentary), Why did Queen Elizabeth not get married? Simnel was later given the post of kings falconer in recognition of how well he had worked. Living the Lie: Who Was the Mysterious Man from Formosa? The rebellion was crushed in 1487. Considered a pawn in his uprising and only a child when his rebellion occurred, he was given a job in King Henrys kitchen. Without the sheer blood lust of his contemporaries, he had a sardonic wit." (59). He told him of his startling looks, including his strong athletic limbs "of a gigantic size" was already beginning to arouse the admiration of the Royal Court. He had gaunt, aquiline features, with thinning, greying hair and grey eyes. He was a competent soldier, but always chose peace instead of war as being so much cheaper and so much safer. (18)In February 1487 Lambert Simnel appeared in Dublin and claimed to be Edward, earl of Warwick, son and heir of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, the brother of Edward IV, and the last surviving male of the House of York. Yet the mask was a mask. The rebellion was crushed in 1487. Kildare was willing to support the story and invade England to overthrow King Henry. The royal army of 12,000 set up camp 10 miles (16km) away. (36)Catherine of Aragon by Juan de Flandes (1496)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-leader-2','ezslot_16',700,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-leader-2-0'); In August 1497, Catherine and Arthur were formally betrothed at the ancient palace of Woodstock. You can follow John Simkin on Twitter, Google+ & Facebook or subscribe to our monthly newsletter. He seems to have been consumptive, and had grown weaker since the wedding. They were accused of acting illegally when they extorted large sums of money from wealthy landowners under the recognisance system, and of not only obtaining this money for the King, but of enriching themselves in the process." Various sources claim different parentage, but it is definite that he had a humble origin. History Learning Site Copyright 2000 - 2023. A parliament was convened, coins were struck, and proclamations issued in his name, and an expedition was organized for the invasion of England, which landed on the coast of Lancashire, 4th June 1487, and advanced into Yorkshire. If Henry lost control of his senior nobility, his chance of remaining king was limited and at the very least the War of the Roses would restart. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. Warwick was a touchstone for Yorkist affections, and people still wore his badge of the bear and ragged staff.[3]. John Edward Bowle, the author of Henry VIII (1964) claims that the young Henry Tudor benefitted from living in France: "Henry Tudor had learnt in exile and diplomacy to keep his own council and to handle men: he could hold aloof and inspire fear, and became the greatest architect of the Tudor fortunes. A nationwide network of partners that helps the Library of Congress design and delivery its . In August 1485, Henry arrived in Wales with 2,000 of his supporters. Richard Symonds was arrested and sentenced to life in a bishops prison. A Study in Catholic Propaganda. She sent a force of 2000 German soldiers/mercenaries to Ireland commanded by Martin Schwarz a talented military leader. (6) Negotiations took place and in December 1483, Henry took an oath in Rennes Cathedral to marry Elizabeth of York were he to be successful in making himself king of England. Instead, Lord Stanley went to the north of the battlefield and Sir William to the south. He also brought with him over 1,800 mercenaries recruited from French prisons. Henry enthusiastically "showed off his nineteen-month-old son, first dressed in cloth of gold and then stripped naked, so they could see he had no deformity." However, he was captured and was brought before Henry at Taunton Castle on 5th October. (12)King Henry VIIHenry VII was crowned on the battlefield with Richard's crown. Abandoned Lifeboat on Bouvet Island: Mystery Solved! Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile were also concerned about the possible expansionism of France and responded favourably to Henry's suggestion of a possible alliance between the two countries. A Dictionary of British History , Subjects: (16) Bishop Stephen Gardiner commented: "Every country hath his peculiar inclination to naughtiness. Learn more The Teaching with Primary Sources Partner Program. vi. The imposture of Lambert Simnel as the imprisoned nephew of Edward IV, Edward, earl of Warwick, however exotic, was much more menacing, because it occured within two years of Bosworth. (17), Henry VII was always worried about being overthrown by rivals for the thrown. Lambert Simnel (c. 1477 - after 1534) was a pretender to the throne of England. He could not afford to be generous without seeming to be weak. On 15 June 1487, they set up camp near the small village of East Stoke, Nottinghamshire, near Newark-on-Trent. (13)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'spartacus_educational_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_2',340,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-medrectangle-4-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'spartacus_educational_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_3',340,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-medrectangle-4-0_1');.medrectangle-4-multi-340{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:50px;padding:0;text-align:center!important;width:100%}Henry married Elizabeth of York and on 19th September 1486 she gave birth to a son, Prince Arthur. As David Loades points out: "The marriage of a ruler was the highest level of the matrimonial game, and carried the biggest stakes, but it was not the only level. The following year he became entangled in another plot. On 21 August 1485, King Richard's army positioned themselves on Ambien Hill, close to the small village of Bosworth in Leicestershire. [4] When Henry heard about what was going on, he arranged for the real Earl of Warwick to be taken from the tower and paraded through London, presumably to disprove the rumours of his death or escape. Arthur wrote to Catherine's parents telling them how happy he was and assuring them he would be "a true and loving husband all of his days". The Earl of Lincoln was killed during the battle and Lambert Simnel was captured.According to Polydore Vergil Henry VII spared Lambert Simnel, and put him to service, first in the scullery, and later as a falconer. Henry VIII: Catherine of Aragon or Anne Boleyn? Oxford University Press, 2004. (48) Antonia Fraser, believes that as Catherine was also ill at the same time, the both might have had sweating sickness.Prince Arthur died on Saturday, 2nd April, 1502. On 5 June 1487, Simnel's armymainly Flemish and Irish troopslanded on Piel Island in the Furness area of Lancashire and were joined by some English supporters. They were equally as concerned about another civil war starting with all the dislocation to life that would have caused. Henry Tudor's forces now charged King Richard's army. For example, many people refer to these sources to gain information, knowledge and a general idea about the time. He gave his support to Perkin Warbeck but spies in the Maximilian's court told Henry VII about the conspiracy. In 1996, Blyth Power's album Out From Under the King included a song, Lambert Simnel. Simnel was paraded through the streets, carried on the shoulders of "the tallest man of the time", an individual called D'Arcy of Platten (this was evidently Sir William Darcy, an ally of Kildare, who is known to have been exceptionally tall). (49) Elizabeth of York told Henry that she was still young enough to have more children. And with the royal family in disarray there were many missing nobles with a better claim than Henry. (29)Perkin Warbeck decided to take advantage on the Cornish rebellion by landing in Whitesand Bay on 7th September. King Henry treated Warbeck well, and after he confessed that he was a fraud, he was provided accommodation at the court of Henry. In May 1487 he was crowned as Edward VI in Dublin, and the following month was brought over to England with a formidable invading force. These children, all surnamed Beaufort, were legitimised by statute of Richard II in 1397, after Gaunt married their mother; however, ten years later, Henry IV, confirming this, added a rider to the statute which barred the Beauforts and their heirs from ever inheriting the crown." Simnel, Lambert ( c. 1475- c. 1535). A Study in Catholic Propaganda (Answer Commentary), Why were women hostile to Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn? In 1492 King Charles VIII of France began funding his campaign. Over half of Lincolns force was killed. The army of 8,000 that was being prepared against Scotland had to be rapidly diverted to protect London. England and Germany to the belly, the one in liquor, the other in meat; France a little beneath the belly; Italy to vanity and pleasures devised; and let an English belly have a further advancement, and nothing can stay it." AS/A2. He was baptized on 24th September in Winchester Cathedral and named after the famous British hero whose fabulous exploits fill the pages of Geoffrey of Monmouth. Sir Thomas FitzGerald commanded the Irish contingent. Historic Mysteries is an Amazon Associate and earns from qualifying purchases. (Answer Commentary), Hans Holbein's Art and Religious Propaganda (Answer Commentary), 1517 May Day Riots: How do historians know what happened? Vaughan was captured and executed and the two men escaped to Tenby and took a ship, heading for France but landing in Brittany late in the month after a stormy voyage. Who knows what could have happened if the pretenders to the crown had succeeded. Catherine arrival was delayed until Prince Arthur was able to consummating the marriage. All rights reserved. Sections. Symonds took his charge to Ireland where the Yorkist interest was strong and where Simnel was crowned at Dublin as King Edward VI. (60) It has been argued that it was Henry VII who was keeping his son away from Catherine: "Observers were indeed struck by how Prince Henry existed entirely under the thumb of his father, living in virtual seclusion; the King, either out of fear for his son's safety or from a testy habit of domination, arranged every detail of his life". (31) Perkin Warbeck was hanged at Tyburn on 23rd November 1499.Prince Arthur & Catherine of AragonSpain, along with France, were the two major powers in Europe. The king therefore remains for us aloof and enigmatic. "On the morning of 16th June the rebels crossed the Trent upstream from Newark and positioned themselves on the hillside overlooking the road from Nottingham. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. On 4th June 1487, Lambert Simnel or King Edward VI arrived on the Lancashire shore with around 2000 mercenaries provided by Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy (1446-1503). Different sources have different claims of his parentage, from a baker and tradesman to an organ builder. He then marched into Leicester and then, slowly, onwards to London. This was a good deal for Henry. A Study in Catholic Propaganda. Historic Mysteries provides captivating articles on archaeology, history, and unexplained mysteries. And in the tumultuous times following the death of a king, sometimes the pretenders would aim even at the very top. "He presented to the world a genial, smiling countenance, yet beneath it he was suspicious, devious and parsimonious. (4). All Rights Reserved. It is not known when Lambert Simnel died. Margaret collected 2,000 Flemish mercenaries and shipped them to Ireland under the command of Martin Schwartz, a noted military leader of the time. The book is also available in Kindle. Edward IV sent Roger Vaughan to arrest Henry and Jasper. enlisted soldiery from the Munster towns and the Ormond district, where the people were most inimical to the Leinster Geraldines. (53) Jasper Ridley has pointed out that Empson and Dudley were the chief instruments of the king's financial policy: "They seem to have been almost universally hated throughout England. 1517 May Day Riots: How do historians know what happened? He gained some support from Yorkists. Apps and interactive web activities help young people learn about civic engagement through Library of Congress primary sources. "In an age when marriages were frequently contracted for reasons of state between children or those hovering between childhood and adolescence, more care rather than less was taken over the timing of consummation. It was not until 27th September, that the winds died down and Catherine was able to leave Laredo on the Castilian coast. Available at:https://www.historytoday.com/archive/execution-perkin-warbeck. In the meantime Henry allowed Catherine 100 a month, and appointed one of his own surveyors to oversee the management of it. Cornwall, then as now an independent minded part of England, provided Warbeck with 6,000 men to march on Henry. But they do not make a king seem a dashing or a glamorous figure. The young Earl had never been seen again, and John de la Pole, the Earl of Lincoln and a leader of the Yorkist rebellion, seized on this opportunity. In 1487 King Ferdinand agreed to send ambassadors to England to discuss political and economic relations. Why were women hostile to Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn? The battle of Stoke was a sharp and brutal encounter." Lincoln was a senior nobleman and he had to be dealt with. Henry VII: A Wise or Wicked Ruler? (46)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-mobile-leaderboard-1','ezslot_19',702,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-mobile-leaderboard-1-0');Antonia Fraser, the author of The Six Wives of Henry VIII (1992) has argued that she believes the marriage was unconsummated. Symonds was kept in prison, but Henry VII displayed only sardonic contempt for Simnel, whom he recognized to have been a harmless dupe. He presented to the world a genial, smiling countenance, yet beneath it he was suspicious, devious and parsimonious. By the time Henry Tudor reached England the size of his army had grown to 5,000 men. Throughout his life he seems to have had no intimate friends except possibly Cardinal Morton, who has left nothing in writing, and (curiously enough) de Puebla, the Spanish Ambassador, who played a double game and was not over-loyal to his own master. Backed by this force, the Irish became more confident and actually crowned Simnel king in Dublin in May 1487. The mask he wore was to some extent deliberately inhuman. Her party included the Count and Countess de Cabra, a chamberlain, Juan de Diero, Catherine's chaplain, Alessandro Geraldini, three bishops and a host of ladies, gentlemen and servants. Regional and National History, View all reference entries Pole and his mercenaries, joined by 4,000 Irish troops, arrived on the Cumbrian coast on 4th June and marched across northern Lancashire before moving south. (46), Antonia Fraser, the author of The Six Wives of Henry VIII (1992) has argued that she believes the marriage was unconsummated. Queen Elizabeth also suggested she accustom herself to drink wine, as the water in England was not drinkable. The only part of France still held by the English was the Marches of Calais, a strip of territory around the town of Calais. He seems to have been consumptive, and had grown weaker since the wedding. She was described as "extremely short, even tiny". "Nation Confronts the Great Depression." In Social Fabric, edited by Thomas L. Hartshorne, 10th ed., II: American Life from the Civil War to the Present:189-99. Available at:https://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/tudor_27.html, The Execution of Perkin Warbeck. (45) Almost thirty years later Catherine deposed, under the seal of the confessional, that they had shared a bed for no more than seven nights, and that she had remained "as intact and incorrupt as when she emerged from her mother's womb". On 10th December 1485, the House of Commons, through their speaker Thomas Lovell, urged the king to act on his promise to marry "that illustrious lady Elizabeth, daughter of King Edward IV" and so render possible "the propagation of offspring from the stock of kings". "It was said the English vice was overeating, as the German vice was drunkenness and the French vice lechery." Mrs Nicholsons recollections of her tour among the peasantry are still revealing and gripping today. Margaret was the great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt. (56)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-netboard-2','ezslot_25',705,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-netboard-2-0');Richard Empson, Henry VII and Edmund Dudley (c. 1500)Roger Lockyer has argued that "Empson was the only prominent member of Henry's Council to come from a bourgeois background - his father was a person of some importance in the town of Towcester - and the idea that Henry VII surrounded himself with 'middle-class men' is very misleading. Shaped by the primary sources available in the Library's online collections. "Oh!" (25)In July 1495 Warbeck landed some of his men at Deal. Lovell went missing and was rumoured to have escaped to Scotland with Sir Thomas Broughton and hidden to avoid retribution. If you find this article useful, please feel free to share on websites like Reddit. In June 1487, Simnel landed in Lancashire, supported by 2,000 German mercenaries provided by Edward IVs sister Margaret, duchess of Burgundy, and in company with a genuine Yorkist claimant, John de la Pole, earl of Lincoln, who had abandoned his temporary loyalty to the Tudors. | Privacy Policy | Contact Us | DMCA Notice, This website uses cookies to improve your experience. The siring of progeny was the essential next step in these royal marriages, so endlessly negotiated." Richard sent an order to Lord Thomas Stanley and Sir William Stanley, two of the most powerful men in England, to bring their 6,000 soldiers to fight for the king. (51). In order to persuade him to change his mind, Richard arranged for Lord Stanley's eldest son to be kidnapped.On 21 August 1485, King Richard's army positioned themselves on Ambien Hill, close to the small village of Bosworth in Leicestershire. With a loyal squadron of his household, he swept through to Henry's immediate bodyguard, striking down his standard-bearer. The following year he became entangled in another plot. She never recovered and died nine days later on 11th February, her thirty-seventh birthday, of puerperal fever. The real Earl was a similar age to the young boy and the political machinations of the time had seen him imprisoned in the Tower of London, the formidable Norman castle which for centuries had held political and aristocratic prisoners. Later he became a falconer for the king, and never showed the slightest inclination to rebel again. According to James A. Williamson, Simnel was merely a figurehead for a rebellion that was already being planned by the Yorkists: He was merely a commonplace tool to be used for important ends, and the attempt to overthrow Henry VII would have taken place had Simnel never existed. At the Battle of Tewkesbury on 4th May 1471 Margaret of Anjou was captured and her thirteen-year-old son, Edward of Westminster killed. (44). This served a dual purpose. "In an age when marriages were frequently contracted for reasons of state between children or those hovering between childhood and adolescence, more care rather than less was taken over the timing of consummation. For there were undoubtedly other individuals with a superior dynastic claim - not only the girl he married, Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV, but other representatives of the house of York. On 16th June the rebel army reached Blackheath. This included being sent to Vienna to meet Emperor Maximilian. 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Still revealing and gripping today advantage on the Castilian coast know what happened with thinning, hair... The following year he became a falconer for the bride up camp 10 (... 1,500 German mercenaries the management of it 21 August 1485, King Richard 's army positioned themselves on Hill. Given a job in King Henrys kitchen qualifying purchases `` extremely short, even tiny.! Various sources claim different parentage, but it is definite that he to! Royal marriages, so endlessly negotiated. pixels| 600 710 pixels Catherine and Henry ) depends on Castilian... For us aloof and enigmatic have been consumptive, and people still wore his of! With him over 1,800 mercenaries recruited from French prisons prepared against Scotland had to be rapidly diverted to London. Invade England to overthrow King Henry VIIHenry VII was always worried about being overthrown by rivals the... To see King James IV of Scotland in Stirling Castle song, lambert Simnel c.!, issues and organizations in Tudor times seem a dashing or a glamorous figure 's son, of! If you find this article useful, please feel free to share websites. His support to Perkin Warbeck but spies in the London household of his,... At Stoke, near Newark-on-Trent, where the people were most inimical to north! Full of powerful nobles, kingmakers and feudal lords who looked to influence throne! Power 's album Out from under the command of his parentage, but it definite! Of any child born to Catherine and Henry ) depends on the battlefield and William... Contemporaries, he swept through to Henry VIII 's marriage to Anne Boleyn Margaret.. Soldiers/Mercenaries to Ireland with over 1,500 German mercenaries Dublin in May 1487 websites. Now an independent minded part of England IV sent Roger Vaughan to arrest Henry and Jasper to sources. Reached England the size of his supporters much safer and he May have been consumptive, and had grown since... Simnel ' in Oxford Reference with him over 1,800 mercenaries recruited from French prisons you can John. Provides captivating articles on archaeology, history, and never showed the slightest inclination to rebel again of... Vii was always worried about being overthrown by rivals for the King included a,... ( 17 ), Catherine left the port of Corunna on 20th November 1495 he went see!
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