The 2016 interviews and the preparation of this paper were supported by the Nordic Centre of Excellence for Resilience and Societal SecurityNORDRESS, which is funded by the Nordic Societal Security Programme. We drove down to the highway and we could see a little reddish glow and of course we were excited, almost having fun because we were not afraid at all. And, it stresses the importance of residents considering the changes in their livelihoods and what that may mean with respect to their vulnerability during a volcanic crisis. J Geodyn 43:118152, orkelsson B (2012) The 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption, Iceland. Significantly, this paper links together longitudinal research that spans more than a decade capturing an at-risk populations perspectives of: inherited knowledge, hazard assessments, risk mitigation strategies including a fullscale evacuation exercise; to their response during and perspectives of a volcanic crisis. 3)an observation that is supported by verbatim quotes presented in the previous sections. Because of this, officials have faith that residents will comply with evacuation orders when given, as they did during the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Communication and risk mitigation strategies must also be tailored to meet the changing populations needs. CAS At the same time, the number of people involved in farming activities outside the capital region declined, with 2016 portraying the lowest employment rates in the industry since 1991. Eyjafjallajkull began erupting on 20 March 2010. Furthermore, the regions mobile communication network is much improved to that used during the Eyjafjallajkull eruption. The officials interviewed in 2016 were extremely positive about their relationship with local residents and the trust that residents have in them and the volcanic response plans. I had a text message from the Civil Defence authorities and I said OK. And then our daughter called. As cloud-based software, Survey Monkey ensures greater access across our research team to the questionnaire and its data for use in future projects, reduces the risk of errors during data entry (when compared for example to manually entering coding into Excel) and allows an easy visualisation for crosschecking each entry to ensure accuracy. Following a year of increased seismicity, Mauna Loa began erupting at 1:25 am on March 25, 1984. 1 and Bird et al., (2011)). This amalgamation resulted in just one jurisdiction for South Iceland that incorporates 14 municipalities (Stjrnarr slands 2014a, 2014b) and three local Civil Protection Committees that the South Iceland Chief of Police oversees (see Fig. Earthwatch Institute is an international environmental charity. Despite these issues, the majority of respondents believed both evacuations were necessary. Effects and long and short term responses of Volcanoes by . The The lack of resources was also noted as an impeding factor in the South region. It was noted that the region attracts all types of travellers, from large tour groups, to individuals in rental cars, people on private tours, campervans and hitchhikers. Before the financial crash in 2008, Iceland had become too expensive for many visitorsevidenced by a somewhat steady decline in employment numbers within the tourism industry outside the capital region from 2000 (Fig. and JavaScript. Vulnerability to natural hazard risk is complex. Part of the Advances in Volcanology book series (VOLCAN) Abstract Eyjafjallajkull became Iceland's most infamous volcano in 2010 when the ash cloud from its summit eruption caused unprecedented disruption to the international aviation industry and considerable challenges to local farming communities and villages. 6.8 km. Basaltic lava is fluid in nature. Cogn Psychol 4:207232, Walker P (2018) Kilauea volcano eruption. They marked the questionnaire as a positive response because they had intended to evacuate, as they believed it was the right thing to do, to the extent that they were concerned the police would come for them: To be very honest, during the night and until the morning I was more scared of the police than the eruption! For example, rural residents responsible for livestock questioned their ability to comply with evacuation orders (Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011). Physical Geography Case Study. The long-term impact proved to be just as catastrophic, as the community never recovered from the lahars that engulfed it. The questionnaire was administered as a hardcopy. Using the Citizen Science methodology, Earthwatch's mission statement is "to engage people worldwide in . Flexibility in the evacuation plans also helped people cope and residents were impressed with open and transparent communication from officials. Almannavarnadeild Rkislgreglustjrinn (2017) Emergency Evacuationrfajkull. Nat Hazards Rev 8:6977, Drabek TE (1986) Human system responses to disaster: an inventory of sociological findings. Match. Farming has traditionally been the main livelihood in Icelands South region. Its use post-surveying here was a result of unavailability of the software to our research team pre-surveying. They didnt know where it was erupting and therefore it was necessary (A-E). They are the future who should be taking over (A-E). Hazard management of the Iceland eruption They dont seem like they are afraid or trying to get information about when the next [eruption] comes. 150km2 of reforestation projects destroyed. 4). Exact figures on how many people evacuated during both phases are also not available. . Residents are aware that until the site of the eruption is confirmed, and hence the path of a potential jkulhlaup, all low-lying regions close to flood channels are considered to be hazard zones. Furthermore, the required action, i.e., to evacuate, was clearly communicated. However, the 2010 eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano had particularly damaging impacts to the economy and worldwide aviation. Following the collapse of Icelands banking system in October 2008 (Danielsson, 2009), the region has experienced an increase in international migration (growth of 2.54 between 2009 and 2016), as well as that from the capital region (growth of 1.30 between 2011 and 2016), as shown in Fig. I dont think they [Icelandic children] think enough about their own country. Springer, New York, MATH About them coming with the sirens [makes siren sounds] and taking me I dont mind the eruption but please dont send the police! In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Additional aspects, however, were included to examine experiences related to the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Lahars caused severe erosion to rivers. The family took the situation as it was, slightly worried about the continuation; not knowing what to expect was the worst. Tourism became a large contributor to the economy after the 2010 eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano. Use the GeoActive worksheet, Haiti earthquake 2010 (above), to complete the Word document (below). 0.0 / 5. This undermines decision making processes . There is not any better place to be at [referring to the safety of his home]; there is no reason to be running somewhere (V-E). Eyjafjallajkull Volcano, Iceland 2010. Multiple community meetings were also held with residents living in the expected hazard zone. Residents trust in these officials has also evolved from officials listening to and developing strategies to meet the needs of the community. Additional localised disruption continued into May 2010, and eruptive activity persisted until June 2010. Its all going very well in a way but its a huge change because the tourists have multiplied - there are a lot more tourists here than there used to be three years ago. Match. It does not mean, however, that all relationships are amicable. Something went wrong thenbut our kids in Reykjavk, college students, they got an alarm. The central volcanoes along the off-rift volcanic zones in Iceland were the source of at least 19 eruptions of dominant alkali rhyolitic composition, with three distinct episodes recorded at 4.6 . Sometimes beginning with an . However, they chose to stay at home because they were caring for elderly parents who were unwell. Health Promot Int 24:1625, Sigursson O, Sigursson G, Bjrnsson BB, Pagneux EP, Zphnasson S, Einarsson B, rarinsson , Jhannesson T (2011) Flood warning system and jkulhlaups-Eyjafjallajkull [Online]. The eruption of Eyjafjallajkull Composite map of the volcanic ash cloud spanning 20 March 2010. Routledge, New York, Wood MM, Mileti DS, Kano M, Kelley MM, Regan R, Bourque LB (2012) Communicating actionable risk for terrorism and other hazards. Overall, these eruptions have prompted the aviation industry, regulators, and scientists to work more closely together to improve the manner in which hazardous airspace is defined, forecast, and communicated. Survey data are not available for distribution as per anonymity protocols of the Human Research Ethics agreement. That is, these communities look to each other for guidance and support during times of crisis. J Hazard Mater 75:181194, Article On Friday, March 19, at around 8:45 p.m. local time, molten rock breached the surface in a valley near a flat-topped mountain named Fagradalsfjall, in the region of Geldingadalur, six miles from the nearest town. Nearly all flights in Europe and across the Atlantic Ocean were suspended for almost a week, as ash from the eruption of the volcano threatened flight safety. This unrealistic optimistic bias, where people consider themselves less vulnerable than others in their community (Paton et al. These figures, however, should be treated with caution. Unfortunately this lesson is no longer available. A volcanic eruption is an awesome display of Earth's power. (7 marks) For a named area, describe the short-term and long-term effects of a volcanic eruption on people living in the area. This greater complexity will inevitably create greater challenges for the local police and DCPEM. Others chose to stay home because they did not believe the warnings and/or evacuation plan were relevant to them. Environmental cues, observed and communicated by farmers in Fljtshl as a fire on top of the mountain, were the first notification that alerted officials and monitoring scientists that an eruption had commenced on 20 March 2010. Considering future response in this region is important given Katla is renowned as one of Icelands most dangerous volcanoes due to its potential to produce catastrophic jkulhlaup (>100,000m3s1) within 1 to 2h (Gumundsson and Gylfason, 2005, Gumundsson et al., 2007) warranting the need for an immediate response to evacuation orders. These figures are approximate based on some respondents noting a range in the number of people living at that address in the questionnaire. In relation to the amalgamation and the timing of the 2006 evacuation exercise, one of the rescue team members from the 2010 interviews stated: The time for the evacuation exercises in 2006 was not logical because it had been decided that the police districts would be joined here in the south. Clearing ash off the roads and streets; . Slheimar lies within the southern jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption and during the Eyjafjallajkull summit eruption they were impacted by considerable ash fall and loud sound blasts. But I would not be afraid. The years of 2000, 2008 and 2016 were selected as equal time periods of available data from the most recent year (i.e., 2016, as accessed in 2017). The experience that is the focus of this paper is the response to the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Climate change is the result of natural and human factors, and has a range of effects: Evidence for climate change from the beginning of the Quaternary period to the present day. Our analysis therefore focused on those municipalities surrounding the Eyjafjallajkull and Katla volcanoes: Mrdalshreppur (which includes Slheimar), Skaftrhreppur (which includes lftaver) and Rangring eystra (which includes Vestur- and Austur-Eyjafjll). further research into the effect on the ash on aircraft . Respondents businesses related to farming and tourism didnt fare as well. Despite volcanic eruptions in earlier times, the eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull in April and May 2010 served as a climactic point in aviation history. But it didnt worry us at all. I found it safer to be at a place where many of my countrymen were also (A-E). 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